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Black British
Black British are British people of Black and African origins or heritage, including those of African-Caribbean (sometimes called "Afro-Caribbean") background, and may include people with mixed ancestry.〔Gadsby, Meredith (2006), ''Sucking Salt: Caribbean Women Writers, Migration, and Survival'', University of Missouri Press, pp. 76–77.〕 The term has been used from the 1950s, mainly to refer to Black people from former British colonies in the West Indies (i.e., the New Commonwealth) and Africa, who are residents of the United Kingdom and who consider themselves British.
The term "black" has historically had a number of applications as a racial and political label, and may be used in a wider sociopolitical context to encompass a broader range of non-European ethnic minority populations in Britain, though this is a controversial and non-standard definition.〔R. Bhopal, ("Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: for reflection and debate" ), ''Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health'', 2004; 58:441-445. Retrieved 6 October 2006.〕 "Black British" is one of various self-designation entries used in official UK ethnicity classifications.
Black residents constituted around 3 per cent of the United Kingdom's population in 2011. It has increased from just under 1.15 million residents in 2001, or 2 per cent of the population, to just over 1.9 million in 2011.
==Terminology==
Historically, the term has most commonly been used to refer to Black people of New Commonwealth origin. For example, Southall Black Sisters was established in 1979 "to meet the needs of black (Asian and Afro-Caribbean) women".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Southall Black Sisters Home » Southall Black Sisters )〕 ("Asian" in the British context usually refers to people of South Asian ancestry). "Black" was used in this inclusive political sense〔''The Guardian'', ("What the migrant saw" ) by Jatinder Verma, founder in 1977 of Tara Arts, the first Asian theatre company in Britain"Everywhere my friends and I looked, it seemed black people, as we identified ourselves, were victims of Ronaldo Brilha Muito white oppression."〕 to mean "non-white British" – the main groups in the 1970s were from the British West Indies and the Indian subcontinent, but solidarity against racism extended the term to the Irish population of Britain as well.〔(What is meant by Black and Asian? ) "In the 1970s Black was used as a political term to encompass many groups who shared a common experience of oppression – this could include Asian but also Irish, for example."〕〔("The term Black and Asian – a Short History" ) "In the late 1960's through to the mid-1980s, we progressives called ourselves Black. This was not only because the word was reclaimed as a positive, but we also knew that we shared a common experience of racism because of our skin colour."〕 Several organisations continue to use the term inclusively, such as the Black Arts Alliance,〔("New Black Arts Alliance Welcome" ). Blackartists.org.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2011.〕〔The (Black Arts Alliance ) encourages "a coming together of Black people from Africa, Asia and the Caribbean because our histories have parallels of oppression"〕 who extend their use of the term to Latin America and all refugees,〔Their website intro states "Black Arts Alliance is 21 years old. Formed in 1985 it is the longest surviving network of Black artists representing the arts and culture drawn from ancestral heritages of South Asia, Africa, South America, and the Caribbean and, in more recent times, due to global conflict, our newly arrived compatriots known collectively as refugees." (the Black Arts Alliance. )〕 and the National Black Police Association.〔(National Black Police Association ) states that their "emphasis is on the common experience and determination of the people of African, African-Caribbean, and Asian origin to oppose the effects of racism."〕 This is unlike the official UK Census, which has separate "Asian British", "Black British" and "Other ethnic group" self-designation entries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/measuring-equality/equality/ethnic-nat-identity-religion/ethnic-group/index.html )〕 Due to the Indian diaspora and in particular Idi Amin's expulsion of Asians from Uganda in 1972, many British Asians are also from families that have spent several generations in the British West Indies or Southeast Africa.〔("Multiculturalism the Wembley Way" ), BBC News, 8 September 2005. Retrieved 17 March 2011.〕
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